Business | Bartleby商业版块|巴特尔比专栏
In praise of grunt work为苦活累活正名
AI promises to eliminate drudgery. Careful what you wish forAI 承诺消灭枯燥劳动。小心你的愿望成真
📌注释
grunt work 【专有名词】 苦活、粗活、枯燥的基础性工作grunt 原意为"猪的哼哼声"或"发出粗重的呼吸声",grunt work 指那些费力、枯燥、缺乏技术含量但又不可或缺的基础性工作。近义词:drudgery, slog, donkey work。反义词:high-value work, skilled work, creative work。
Careful what you wish for 【习语】 小心你的愿望成真完整说法是"Be careful what you wish for, you might just get it"(小心你的愿望,它可能真的会实现),暗示某些看似美好的愿望一旦实现,可能带来意想不到的负面后果。与中文"心想事成未必是福"同义。
The list of potential victims of artificial intelligence is long. It includes every business, all software engineers, privacy and humanity itself. But some of its expected effects are more popular than others. Most people can agree, for example, that AI will be doing workers a tremendous favour if it gets rid of grunt work, the sort of tediously repetitive tasks that take up too much of everyone's days. Filling out expense claims, copying and pasting things into spreadsheets, trying to resize one of those stupid boxes in PowerPoint—if people were able to outsource this drudgery to machines, they could devote more attention to higher-value tasks.
人工智能潜在"受害者"的名单相当漫长,涵盖每一家企业、所有软件工程师、个人隐私乃至人类本身。但 AI 预期影响中,有些比其他的更受欢迎。例如,大多数人都会认同:如果 AI 能消灭苦活累活——那些占据所有人太多时间、令人昏昏欲睡的重复性任务——将是对职工的莫大恩惠。填写报销单、在电子表格中反复复制粘贴、试图调整 PowerPoint 里那些烦人方框的大小——如果人们能将这些苦差事外包给机器,就能将更多精力投注于高价值任务。
📌注释
drudgery /ˈdrʌdʒ.ər.i/ 【n】 苦差事、枯燥乏味的劳动固定搭配:daily drudgery(日复一日的枯燥劳动)、escape the drudgery(逃离苦差)。近义词:toil, grind, slog。同族词:drudge(v. 从事枯燥劳动;n. 苦工)。
expense claims 【专有名词】 报销单、费用报销申请指员工为工作相关支出(差旅、餐饮等)向雇主申请报销的表格和流程。
The case against grunt work is obvious. Health-care workers spend inordinate amounts of time manually inputting data, time that could be spent actually looking after patients. Automated redaction technology can spare police officers the hours they currently spend stripping personal information from documents and videos. In office after office the mundane and the routine get in the way of people doing more valuable tasks.
反对苦活累活的理由显而易见。医护人员花费大量时间手动录入数据,而这些时间本可用于真正地照料患者。自动化脱敏技术可以将警察从目前花费数小时从文件和视频中删除个人信息的工作中解放出来。在一间又一间办公室里,平凡单调和例行公事一再妨碍人们完成更有价值的工作。
📌注释
inordinate /ɪnˈɔː.dɪ.nət/ 【adj】 过度的、过分的词根来自拉丁语 inordinatus,in-(否定)+ ordinare(排列有序),字面意思是"超出正常秩序范围的"。固定搭配:inordinate amount of time(过多的时间)、inordinate pressure(过分的压力)。近义词:excessive, disproportionate, unreasonable。
redaction /rɪˈdæk.ʃən/ 【n】 文件删改、敏感信息脱敏处理在法律和安全语境中特指从文件或视频中删除或遮蔽敏感信息(如姓名、地址)的操作。固定搭配:automated redaction(自动脱敏)、redaction tool(删改工具)。
mundane /mʌnˈdeɪn/ 【adj】 平凡的、世俗的、枯燥日常的词根来自拉丁语 mundus(世界),原意为"属于这个世界的",与"神圣的、超凡的"相对。引申为"日常的、毫无新意的"。固定搭配:mundane tasks(平凡的日常任务)、mundane concerns(世俗烦恼)。
Greater productivity would not be the only prize from less drudgery. People do not like being bored out of their skulls, and will do whatever they can to liven things up. In one study, people who were shown a tedious film were more likely than watchers of an interesting one to put maggots through what they thought was a coffee grinder. "End ennui, maggots matter!" is surely a slogan everyone can get behind.
减少苦差带来的好处不止于提升生产力。人们不喜欢无聊到头皮发麻,会想尽办法给生活添点刺激。一项研究发现,观看无聊影片的人,比观看有趣影片的人更倾向于把蛆虫放进他们以为是咖啡研磨机的装置里研磨。"终结无聊,蛆虫有价值!"这口号想必人人都能举双手赞同。
📌注释
bored out of their skulls 【习语】 无聊到头皮发麻、无聊透顶"bored out of one's skull/mind"是极度无聊的夸张表达,skull(头骨)在此隐喻大脑,暗示无聊到大脑都快从头骨里跑出来了。类似表达:bored to tears(无聊得想哭)、bored stiff(无聊得僵硬)、bored to death(无聊致死)。
liven things up 【短语动词】 使气氛活跃、为单调添些刺激固定搭配:liven up a party(活跃派对气氛)、liven up a dull meeting(使沉闷的会议活跃起来)。近义词:enliven, spice up, jazz up。
maggots /ˈmæɡ.əts/ 【n】 蛆虫此处研究中让受试者"研磨蛆虫"是一种测量其因无聊而引发的破坏性冲动的实验设计,颇为荒诞,却令人印象深刻。
ennui /ɒnˈwiː/ 【n】 倦怠、百无聊赖来自法语,原意为"厌烦、令人生厌",指一种深层的精神倦怠感,比普通的 boredom 更带有存在主义色彩,暗示生活缺乏意义和刺激的空虚感。同族词:annoy(烦恼,与法语 ennuyer 同源)。
Yet there is always another side to the ledger. Reducing drudge work is indeed a noble aim. Getting rid of it entirely is much less sensible.
然而,账本上总有另一面。减少枯燥劳动确实是一个崇高的目标,但彻底消灭它则远没那么明智。
📌注释
- another side to the ledger 【短语】 账本的另一面ledger 原指会计记账的总账本,"another side to the ledger"字面意思是"账本的另一栏",引申为任何论题都有正反两面需要权衡。固定搭配:on the other side of the ledger(在账目的另一边,即反面)。
One argument for drudge work is its centrality to entry-level jobs. People who are new to the workforce know very little about the job they are meant to be doing. (The same is also true for lots of people at the end of their careers, but that's a different column.) Grunt work has long been a way to fill junior employees' time while allowing them to learn the basics of office life. Per photocopier ad astra. If AI takes on all the drudge work that has traditionally fallen to the newbies, employers may simply stop hiring them.
为苦差事辩护的一个理由,是它在入门级工作中的核心地位。初入职场的人对自己应当从事的工作知之甚少。(许多职业生涯末期的人也是如此,但那是另一个话题了。)苦活累活长期以来是填满初级员工时间、同时让他们学习职场基本规则的方式。"从复印机出发,直达星辰。"如果 AI 接手了所有传统上落在新人肩上的苦差,雇主可能会干脆停止招募他们。
📌注释
entry-level jobs 【专有名词】 入门级工作指不要求工作经验、适合应届生或职场新人的初级职位。这类职位通常薪酬较低,但提供学习和晋升的基础通道。反义词:senior roles, executive positions。
Per photocopier ad astra 【拉丁语双关】 从复印机出发,直达星辰仿照拉丁语格言 Per aspera ad astra(穿越荆棘,直达星辰),将 aspera(荆棘、艰难)替换为 photocopier(复印机),幽默地将操作复印机这一最卑微的入门级苦差,比作通往成功的艰辛之路。Ad astra 字面意思是"向着星辰",也是众多国家空军的格言。
newbies /ˈnjuː.biz/ 【n】(口语)新人、菜鸟来自 new + -bie(人称后缀,类似于 -er),指刚进入某一领域或职场的新手。近义词:rookies, newcomers, fresh recruits, novices。反义词:veterans, old hands, seasoned professionals。
The obvious answer to that worry is to get younger employees to do higher-value tasks sooner. Law firms talk of putting juniors in front of clients earlier in their careers, for example. But the goal of filling working days with nothing but higher-order tasks is misconceived. Because even experienced workers need a chance to move up and down through the gears.
对这一担忧的显而易见的回答,是让年轻员工更早承担高价值任务。例如,律师事务所谈及让初级律师更早接触客户。但将工作日填满清一色的高阶任务,这一目标本身是被误导的——因为就连经验丰富的员工,也需要有机会在不同工作齿轮之间切换升降。
📌注释
misconceived /ˌmɪs.kənˈsiːvd/ 【adj】 被误导的、建立在错误认知之上的mis-(错误地)+ conceive(构想、理解),字面意思是"错误地构想出来的"。近义词:misguided, flawed, ill-conceived。同族词:conceive(构想;受孕)、concept(概念)、conception(构想;受孕)、perceive(感知)。
move up and down through the gears 【比喻】 在不同工作齿轮之间切换升降来自驾驶换挡的比喻——驾驶员根据路况在高低挡之间切换,既需要全速前进的高挡,也需要缓行的低挡。"move through the gears"在职场语境中比喻在高强度专注工作和轻松基础工作之间交替转换,保持认知节奏的灵活性。
That's partly because of cognitive capacity. It's hard to imagine many jobs where optimal performance matters more than being an air-traffic controller. Under-stimulation is a definite risk: controllers have been known to combine sectors of airspace into bigger blocks if traffic volumes are too low. But there is also a limit to how long people can concentrate deeply without becoming fatigued, which is why controllers typically work no more than 90 minutes or two hours without taking a break. Too much boredom is a bad thing, in other words, but so is too little.
这部分源于认知容量的限制。很难想象有哪个职业比空中交通管制员更需要最优状态。刺激不足确实是一种风险:如果流量过低,管制员甚至会将多个空域合并成更大的区块以自我刺激。但人们能够持续深度专注的时间也是有限的,这正是为什么管制员通常每隔 90 分钟或两小时就必须休息一次。换言之,过度无聊是坏事,但过度缺乏无聊同样如此。
📌注释
cognitive capacity 【专有名词】 认知容量、脑力上限cognition(认知)、recognise(识别,字面意为"再次知道")、incognito(匿名的,字面意为"不被认知的")、
air-traffic controller 【专有名词】 空中交通管制员负责指挥和协调飞机在空中和机场地面安全运行的专业人员,是世界上压力最大、要求最高的职业之一。
under-stimulation 【专有名词】 刺激不足under-(不足)+ stimulation(刺激),与 over-stimulation(过度刺激)相对。指大脑因缺乏足够的任务挑战而处于低唤醒状态,可能导致注意力涣散、错误率上升。
Tasks that don't require laser-like focus can also allow creative ideas to incubate. A study by Benjamin Baird of the University of Texas at Austin and his co-authors asked participants to take a standard creativity test, in which they had to think of as many novel uses as possible for an ordinary object. A subset of this group was then given an undemanding task to do before taking the test again; other subsets were given a demanding task, a period of rest or no break at all. People who were given a task where their minds could wander far outperformed the other groups on the subsequent test.
不需要激光般专注的任务,同样能够让创意想法悄悄孵化。德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的本杰明·贝尔德(Benjamin Baird)和合作者进行的一项研究,要求参与者完成一项标准创造力测试——他们必须尽可能多地想出某件普通物品的新奇用途。随后,其中一组被分配去完成一项低要求任务,再进行第二次测试;其他组则分别被分配了高要求任务、休息时间或完全没有间隔。结果,被分配到可以让思维自由漫游的低要求任务的人,在后续测试中的表现远超其他所有组。
📌注释
laser-like focus 【比喻】 激光般的专注laser 原为首字母缩略词(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation,受激辐射光放大),其光束具有极高的方向性和集中度。"laser-like focus"形容极度集中、毫不分散的注意力状态,是当代职场文化中的常用比喻。
incubate /ˈɪŋ.kjʊ.beɪt/ 【v】 孵化、(想法)酝酿成熟词根来自拉丁语 incubare,in-(在……上)+ cubare(躺),原意为"在蛋上伏卧孵化"。引申为创意或计划在低调安静的状态下缓慢成熟的过程。同族词:incubator(孵化器;创业孵化器)、cubicle(小隔间,字面意为"小卧榻")。固定搭配:incubation period(潜伏期;孵化期)。
mind could wander 【短语】 思维可以自由漫游"mind wandering"(思维游荡)是认知科学的专业术语,指大脑在不受外部任务约束时自发产生与当前任务无关想法的状态。研究表明,适度的思维游荡与创造力提升、问题解决和自我反思高度相关,是大脑"默认模式网络"(default mode network)激活的表现。
far outperformed 【短语】 远远超越、大幅领先out-(超越)+ perform(表现),outperform 意为"表现优于"。far 在此作副词强调程度,即差距相当显著。固定搭配:outperform the market(跑赢市场)、outperform peers(超越同伴)。近义词:surpass, exceed, leave behind。
Counterintuitively, grunt work may even be useful for bestowing a sense of agency. People like completing tasks. In a study of emergency-room doctors in an American hospital, Diwas KC of Emory University and his co-authors found that physicians would deliberately prioritise easier-to-complete tasks as workloads increased. Much as nobody revels in doing their expenses, they can at least be done. You can press the submit button and feel minutely satisfied (until you are told the claim code is wrong).
反直觉地,苦活累活甚至可能有助于赋予人一种掌控感。人们喜欢完成任务。在一项针对美国某医院急诊室医生的研究中,埃默里大学的迪瓦斯·KC(Diwas KC)和合作者发现,随着工作负荷增加,医生们会刻意优先处理更容易完成的任务。尽管没有人真的乐在其中地填报销单,但那至少是可以完成的事。你可以按下提交键,感受到片刻微小的满足感——直到被告知报销代码填错了。
📌注释
counterintuitively /ˌkaʊn.tər.ɪnˈtjuː.ɪ.tɪv.li/ 【adv】 反直觉地、出乎意料地counter-(对抗、反向)+ intuitive(直觉的),字面意思是"与直觉相悖的"。固定搭配:counterintuitive result(反直觉的结果)、counterintuitively effective(出乎意料地有效)。近义表达:surprisingly, paradoxically, against expectations。
agency /ˈeɪ.dʒən.si/ 【n】(此处为)主动性、掌控感在心理学语境中,agency 特指个体感受到自己对环境和结果具有主动掌控能力的心理状态,与 helplessness(无助感)相对。固定搭配:sense of agency(掌控感)、human agency(人类的主动性)。
revels in /ˈrev.əlz/ 【短语动词】 乐在其中、尽情享受revel 原指狂欢作乐,revel in 意为对某事感到由衷的愉悦和享受。固定搭配:revel in success(陶醉于成功)、revel in the attention(享受关注)。近义词:delight in, relish, savour。
minutely satisfied 【短语】 微小地感到满足minutely 在此读作 /maɪˈnjuːt.li/,意为"极其微小地、细微地"(注意区分 minutely /ˈmɪn.ɪt.li/,意为"每分钟地")。
A job comprising too much drudgery is mind-numbing. If AI can make work more stimulating and more productive, then the technology will deserve plaudits. But bosses and employees should not be too quick to wish away every last bit of toil. Puttering has its place. ■
一份充斥着过多苦差事的工作令人麻木。如果 AI 能让工作变得更有刺激性、更有生产力,这项技术将当之无愧地受到赞誉。但老板和员工都不应太急于将每一丁点苦差全都许愿除去。漫无目的地摆弄琐事,自有它的一席之地。■
📌注释
mind-numbing 【复合形容词】 令人大脑麻木的、极度乏味的numb 原意为"麻木的",mind-numbing 形容某事乏味到令大脑失去感知能力。
plaudits /ˈplɔː.dɪts/ 【n】 赞誉、喝彩词根来自拉丁语 plaudere(鼓掌),原指古罗马戏剧演出结束时演员向观众请求掌声的习惯。同族词:applaud(鼓掌)、applause(掌声)。固定搭配:earn plaudits(赢得赞誉)、win plaudits(获得好评)。近义词:acclaim, praise, accolades。
wish away 【短语动词】 许愿消除、凭空祈望去掉wish away 指通过许愿的方式希望某事消失,隐含"这种想法不切实际"的讽刺意味,呼应标题"Careful what you wish for"。固定搭配:you can't wish problems away(你无法凭空许愿让问题消失)。
puttering /ˈpʌt.ər.ɪŋ/ 【v/n】 漫无目的地摆弄琐事、悠闲地打发时间putter(英式英语作 potter)指以轻松随意的方式处理无关紧要的小事,带有一种无压力的漫游感。固定搭配:putter around the house(在家里漫无目的地收拾)、putter in the garden(在花园里随意摆弄)。这个词作为全文最后一词,恰如其分地为"苦差事存在的价值"画上了一个带有温暖烟火气的句号——看似无用的漫游,自有其意义。